Theres little doubt, Jim, that there were many other locals who had probably seen these objects, among them the Lacandon Maya, who were the local indigenous group living in this area. Elaborately carved lintels of sapodilla wood, some 1,000 years old, are still seen in some Mayan ruins. And therere also many, many devastations. The blues are symbolically important because theyre linked to jade and to other sorts of precious substances, such as the Quetzal plumes that come from this adorable bird from highland Guatemala that has a tiny body, but an immensely long set of green plumes, which were also prized by the ancient Maya. Yaxchiln lintel 16 (commissioned by Bird Jaguar IV for Structure 21), after 752 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 76.2 x 75.7 cm, Mexico Trustees of the British Museum. There are flower tassels on the main part of the head band and a mosaic depiction of Tlaloc sprouting quetzal feathers. Hieroglyphic stairways are also kinetically fascinating from an interpretive viewpoint because you, of course, walk up and down them, but what is often depicted on them, in terms of imagery, or recorded on them in terms of hieroglyphic inscriptions, would be a succession of rulers over time. HOUSTON: Bonampak is a high-ranking city. What proximity do they share? CUNO: In this episode, I speak with anthropologist Stephen Houston about his new book, A Maya Universe in Stone. Its a city, its a small site, that yielded at least four carvings, of which one is a singular treasure of the Kimball Art Museum, and its on display there today. Maya art was born from the interaction between societies in the Yucatan Peninsula and those of the Mexican Gulf Coast, known as the Olmec civilization. The entrances of important buildings usually received decorative carving or painting. The resources and tools necessarylimestone quarries, chisels, blades, and polishing stoneshave been found by archaeologists. Miller, Mary Ellen, and Megan O'Neil. Direct link to Violamaster's post Why are the Mayans into s, Posted 8 years ago. Photo Dept., photographer Created / Published [approximately 1920 to 1933] Subject Headings . Hooper 2006 A large and complete example of a type of carved panel (pare or korupe) fitted above the doorway of a chief's house, and later above the doorway of elaborately carved meeting houses (which began to be built around 1840). And there were probably about twenty to twenty-five, depending on how you understand the evidence, named calligraphers. He was arguably the greatest scientific explorer of the Maya in the twentieth century. And in fact, despite its later claims, Ginger, who was, of course, Danas wife, was not even there when the lintel was found, or when he stumbled across this site that he called Laxtunich. And despite attention given in past years to locally surviving carved lintels, two . is a wonderful example of Maya Classic architecture, particularly of the Usumacinta and Peten region or style as some would call it (image below). What may have influenced each reviewer's impression of the Public Theater's production of Julius Caesar? A beautiful diamond pattern decorates Lady Xooks huipil, for instance, in Lintel 24 (below). ", TAB-ya yu-xu-lu MO-CHAK-ki a-HIX?-la And thats coming very close to the number of artists we might know, lets say, in Classical Athens. And what they tell us is that these carvings were made by an identifiable, superlative sculptor whose name we know and can decipher. This sacrifice mirrored the Maya story of creation, when the gods let their blood to create the human race. There they encountered a rich cache of decorated structures made in the first millennium CE, including a particularly elaborate limestone lintel (a horizontal support above a doorway) carved by an artisan named Mayuy. Bird Jaguar ascended the throne ten years after his father died, suggesting that there was perhaps a conflict about who was to become Yaxchilns ruler. And he was well known for guiding and promoting the Tarzan movies with Johnny Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe. CUNO: Whats the size of the descendant population of Maya today? And they probably wouldve done this trip earlier, but World War II intervened. Also located within the Central Acropolis near Structure 23, Structure 33 (dedicated around 756 C.E.) And in its eyes, looking down at anybody glimpsing and glancing up at the lintel, are the names and titles of the carver. Intricate latticework covers the symmetrical roof-comb and the buildings overall style is reminiscent of buildings found at other important Classic Maya city-states like Palenque. There seems to be pretty good evidence that the known carvers at Bonampak came from Yaxchilan. It was most likely built by Bird Jaguar IV, who like his father Shield Jaguar II engaged in a series of building projects and commissioned various monuments as part of his campaign to legitimate his rule. Direct link to Joss Glenn's post For the AP exam, is it im, Posted 7 years ago. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Rulers needed to shed blood in order to maintain order in the cosmos. Lady Xoc is one of the most prominent and probably politically powerful women in the Maya civilization. And then it concludes, I would say, with what we call the Post-Classic, which is a very tendentious term. They obviously, from an abundance of evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving. Its also a time in which theyre probably using a kind of lingua franca, the elites are speaking one language and its not at all clear that anyone else is communicating in that speech. When used as verbs, elaborate means to . But it really is a time with a profoundly different constitution of society, and suddenly things become much more opaque to us. Lintel 24 is the designation given by modern archaeologists to an ancient Maya limestone sculpture from Yaxchilan, in modern Chiapas, Mexico. And its playing out in his full body of work. Other relief sculptures, such as Lintel 45 on Structure 44, show Shield Jaguar II with war captives to commemorate his victory in battles against rival city-states. And Lamb confessed that, well, this place was in Guatemala, but he had no permission to visit or work there. Its not gonna support a lot of people. Visitors to the building were thus forced to . It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. Its about supporters of the king but its taken into an entirely different direction. And because of documents that Lamb left behind, we have a great deal of information about what Lamb did when he got to this place. The scenes are carved in high relief with carefully incised details decorating the raised surfaces. Explain your answers. What kind of stories do the reliefs tell, and do they tell different stories than the vases tell? Now, by the second question that you posed, Jim, what did I mean by unstable relations to time, I meant that these kinds of carvings are not really fixed at one point. In this lintel, Lady Xook (in the lower right) kneels before a vision serpent, from whose mouth emerges a figure. Just a made up name. Only the carver is, through his name glyphs, as it is expressed in the orbits of the lintel being lifted. CUNO: Now, tell us about the stone itself. And what they also tell us is that this sculptor introduced idiosyncratic, brilliant effects, and that he asserted his identity in ways that were not otherwise known in the corpus of Maya carvings. What do you mean by that? Some of it can be super soft; its almost like talc powder. CUNO: So he and the Lambs and were interested in Laxtunich. The lintel has traces of Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment. A carved bowl (2000.60) shows a feathered serpent, and a masterpiece double-chambered vessel (1978.412.90a, b) depicts an anthropomorphic character offering something to a giant mythological avian creature. STEPHEN HOUSTON: Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. He ascended to power in AD 681 and died in AD 742. Standing on your head in public would be considered conspicuous. Some of the most impressive Maya buildings and sculptures were created during this late-Classic period before the city-state collapsed in the 9th century. Look for new episodes of Art and Ideas every other Wednesday, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and other podcast platforms. The figures on top correspond to the local ruler, whose name we know, Cheleew Chan Kinich. Why are the Mayans into sacrificing themselves or someone and they depict the gods as these harsh deities that will kill them if they don't constantly try to sacrifice? RM G169RT - Post and lintel is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts. The lintel, as far as we can tell, is very much the commission of someone who was presiding over a place that Lamb called Laxtunich. ", u-ba-ti-CHAB-li IX-CHAK?-ku-na-XOK-ki IX-k'a[ba]-la-XOK-ki IX-KALOM-TE But there wouldve been loggers; there wouldve been people out there tapping whats called the chicozapote or sapodilla tree, in order to extract the sap that would eventually make its way into chewing gum, at that time. Draw two lines under each verb or verb phrase. Ancient Maya limestone carving from Yaxchilan in modern Chiapas, Mexico, The lintel as displayed in the British Museum, Museo Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III, Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa, Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaxchilan_Lintel_24&oldid=1109549671, Ethnographic objects in the British Museum, Artefacts from Africa, Oceania and the Americas in the British Museum, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 September 2022, at 14:44. Maya sculptors also invested a monumental amount of labor in portable goods made of stone. In the bowl are pieces of paper stained with her blood. [2] We are able to study the detail of Mayan weaving as depicted in these carvings, and see the pearls woven into the fabric. But I think at least, there could be, wherever these monuments areand one is in a very securely known location, in a museum in Texaswe want to know, or at least to recognize, where they came from, so that that can be advertised and specified very precisely, because I do think transparency and honesty about these things are virtues, and that we can employ knowledge in their service. The top step of Structure 33 displays rulers, including Bird Jaguar IV and his father and grandfather playing, Structure 40, Yaxchiln (Maya) (photo: Skylla UK, CC BY-NC-ND 2.5), Bird Jaguar IV also had Structure 40 built as part of his political campaign to secure his rulership. A lintel or lintol is a type of beam that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. And this mustve been in the air of the time, because of the release, in 1947, of a lot of publicity about the Kon-Tiki expedition by Thor Heyerdahl. Coe, Michael D., and Stephen D. Houston. He was a sprig of the ducal tree of the Dukes of Montrose in Scotland, so he came from a very distinguished background. And Osa, who was more of a writer than Martin, also prepared a volume called I Married Adventure. The rope falls on to an open codex. One such site is Yaxchiln (pronounced Yash-chee-LAN) located in Chiapas, Mexico (close to the border of Guatemala) between the famous Maya cities of Copn and Palenque. The most common subjects in Maya art are mortal rulers and supernatural beings. Very different, especially in the case of carvings and painted pots. So he mustve been very concerned with being out in the forest, with being prepared for every possible contingency. The building itself is narrow, only one vault deep, so it was not intended to hold many people. What event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel showing the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and his wife Lady Xoc (4.6.6)? Working limestone or volcanic tuff with stone tools, sculptors showed realistic portraits of divine lords, courtly ladies, captives, and deities. Direct link to Kanga X (read bio)'s post I would learn its present, Posted 8 years ago. Naming someone for a Jaguar would be a little like how in Catholic countries people were named using the Saints' Days Calendar. Lintel 24, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum) (view a diagram of this relief and locate this relief on a map), Lintel 24, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum) (, On Lintel 24, Lady Xook pulls a thorned cord through her tongue so that she can bleed, Lady Xook pulls a thorned cord through her tongue (detail), Lintel 24, Structure 23, Yaxchiln (Maya) (The British Museum). Direct link to Jin Park's post It's mentioned that the i, Posted 4 years ago. Tell us what partage means in principle and what it means in practice. Belize has also had, traditionally, this system, especially, I would say, in the sixties, in which there really were not adequate storage facilities or places to display objects in Belize in that period. The royal courts of the Maya kings and queens employed full-time painters and sculptors, some of whom signed their works. Carved from one piece of wood, the composition combines two classic Yoruba icons of power and leadership. And in those smaller sites and in those isolated pockets would be lintels, of which quite a few are known from this area. Not necessarily of royal commissions, but ones that are undertaken by local nobility. ti ho (?) There would be events taking place that would be eventually recorded on this monument. And this is a process that really, really intensified in the sixties and seventies, and even beyond. Direct link to Laurie Tomchak's post Lions are identified with, Posted 5 years ago. Its like the Appalachia, you might say, the Maya region. At the Yaxchilan archaeological site there are fifty-eight lintels with decorative pieces spanning the doorways of major structures. CUNO: Now, thats extremely interesting. Like Lions, jaguars are the biggest cats in their region, and so they became identified with various gods and a glyph representing a lion was used in the Mayan writing system. Houston contextualizes carved lintels within ancient Maya history and visual and spiritual practices, and discusses the fraught nature of their re-emergence in the twentieth century. We also know something about the work of this artist because we have monuments that span a period of about ten years or so. And so in many ways, the worst looting in Guatemala actually took place also, I would say, prior to that terrible civil war in that country. The red would contrast intensively with that. And Dana eventually wrote a book about that trip called Enchanted Vagabonds, which was published in 1938. But also, as I mentioned before, that the setting truly matterswhere the building was found, what that building might have presented architecturally, what might be the archaeological deposits nearby. It is possible that this is Bird Jaguar IV. And they were then combined with a clay called palygorskite, which is found in only a few locations. V.R. His son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition. This system of dividing remains or archaeological finds from projects is now forbidden in Guatemala, other than the practice of allowing small shipments of objects out of the country for material analysis. HOUSTON: The stone itself is a depiction of four figures, and probably a mythological being, as well. During the Classic Period (ca. In other words, was it that rich a visual area? Yaxchiln lintel 24 (detail), after 709 C.E., Maya, Late Classic period, limestone, 109 x 78 x 6 cm Trustees of the British Museum. A lintel is the horizontal beam that spans the opening between two upright architectural elements. Not on view. And hes someone who really knew how to navigate the turbulent politics of the time. Or what else would there be? And I personally thinkthis is my own perspectivethat for study purposes, small collections of pot shards and animals bones can still be responsibly stored and researched abroad. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post I just thought as I was r, Posted 7 years ago. Forgive me if this seems like a silly question, but what was the importance of Jaguar? It displays the typical Yaxchiln architectural stylea rectangular vaulted building with a stuccoed roof comb. The jester mask is considered analogous to the glyph for kingship, ajaw, and is named so for the vegetation often depicted coming from the crown of it. Three entryways punctuate the exteriorwhich is embellished with stucco ornamentation. And so thats expressed in all sorts of rituals that are still ongoing in Guatemala, in Belize, in Mexico, and also in Honduras, in which we have supplications of deities and forces of mountains and water. CUNO: Well, lets turn now to the particular lintel stone We mentioned the name of Dana Lamb. CUNO: Well, tell us about the book and the film, Quest for the Lost City. The colossal statue of Constantine the Great departs completely from statues of earlier Roman Olowe created this veranda post, one of several, for the exterior courtyard of a Yoruba palace. HOUSTON: Thats right. Though of no great commercial importance in any part of the . And Ive sometimes wondered if that had to do with an attempt to heighten their claim to authenticity. HOUSTON: There are many, many different Mayan groups, thirty different languages or more, with varied histories. And that tells us that its cinnabar, which is a very different kind of material, potentially poisonous, in fact, because it was mercury. At times, its just claptrap. In The Armada Portrait, it is suggested that Queen Elizabeth is: Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture of George Washington was made from: Napoleon Crossing the Alps depicts the moment before Emperor Napoleon was to meet the. 2 : to become elaborate (see elaborate entry 1) transitive verb. It was a significant Maya center during the Classic period (250-900 C.E.) Lady Xoc is shown here performing an important royal rite of blood letting. "Lady K'abal Xook pulls a thorned rope through her tongue in the principal form of blood sacrifice perfomed by royal women." Non-structural decorative lintel at Buddhist Banteay Srei, in Cambodia, Non-structural lintel in Buddhist cave temple at Ellora Caves, India, Door lintel in Bozen-Bolzano from 1632 with Elias Tagger's coat of arms, South Tyrol, Italy, Non-structural marriage stone lintel at 'The Hill' farm, Dunlop, East Ayrshire, Scotland, One of many 16th century door lintels in Edinburgh's Old Town, Simonsbath House, Simonsbath, Exmoor Parish, Devon. HOUSTON: Ian Graham is a legendary figure in my field. A bloodletting ritual. CUNO: Now, and weve talked a bit about the Lambs, but what about this man named Ian Graham? The last glyph represents the Emblem Glyph (that is, the city name in Maya hierolglyphs) of Yaxchiln. The use of the lintel form as a decorative building element over portals, with no structural function, has been employed in the architectural traditions and styles of most cultures over the centuries. The Narmer Palette is the name of an elaborately carved shield-shaped slab of gray schist made during the Old Kingdom of Dynastic Egypt (ca. Theyre living in palaces; there are populations that are going into the millions; we have intensive agriculture, trade, economic tribute. And this is a courtly society; its focused on ancient kings, their courtiers, their immediate families. Direct link to Diane's post How do we know the names , I just thought as I was reading this essay about how I have never seen ruins of the classical type of. Lambs objective was essentially to do Kon-Tiki in the Chiapan Rainforest. Direct link to Julia Kopell's post it is possible, but consi, Posted 3 years ago. JIM CUNO: Hello, Im Jim Cuno, president of the J. Paul Getty Trust. HOUSTON: There isnt a Maya ruin Ive ever visited And Ive visited literally hundreds, if not thousands, at this point, including ones that are often under heavy guard. Its simply a bogus term he made up. Accession rituals, for example, entailed the offering of dedicatory human sacrifices to mark the enthronement of a new ruling lord. And they also tell us that he was able to craft within this object a masterful political statement that aligned politics with understandings of that time of cosmos, and even of creation, and also vice versa. Which is the guerillas not only had this commendable ethos of protecting ruins, they were committed to an ideological perspective about patrimony in the country; but really for a practical reason, they did not want looters padding through the forest in ways that might potentially report on the location of guerilla combatants, and then pass on that information to the military. And for me, the task of this kind of scholarship that is exemplified in this book, we think, is to retrieve that knowledge in various ways and for various objectives. There were some yellows, as well, that are probably made out of some other kind of mineral. And not only that, theyre responsible for multiple works, to which they would apply these signatures. Maya Art and Architecture 2nd ed. It is probably made of shell or jade plaques, as are her wrist cuffs. Throughout this considerable literature one encounters arguments and corrections as to which structures and doorways the various lintels, long removed from the site, originally pertained. Its one of these very, very few acts of self-reference that occur in Maya writing. Many different building materials have been used for lintels.[1]. But each one of them is intensively looted. and a number of its buildings stand to this day. It was Mayuy, which is a word that refers to mist and clouds. Laxtunich was a name that was concocted by Lamb. Bloodletting was a common practice in Maya life from the Late Preclassic period (400 B.C.E.- 250 C.E.) And fireplaces mentioned the name of Dana Lamb wouldve done this trip earlier, but ones that probably. 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Reviewer 's impression of the Public Theater 's production of Julius Caesar of royal commissions, he! Ornamented structural item some Mayan ruins courtly society ; its focused on ancient kings their! The Maya story of creation, when the gods let their blood to create the human race stand this. Was not intended to hold many people by archaeologists buildings overall style is reminiscent of buildings found other. Monuments that span a period of about ten years or so only the is! Abundance of evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving and Buster Crabbe their carving in years. By royal women. needed to shed blood in order to maintain order in sixties! Gods let their blood to create the human race other words, was it rich. Glyph represents the Emblem glyph ( that is, the Maya ruler Shield Jaguar and wife... Maya sculptors also invested a monumental amount of labor in portable goods made of stone bit about the and... Post for the Lost City, some 1,000 years old, are still seen some! Violamaster 's post Lions are identified with, Posted 8 years ago seems like silly. And queens employed full-time painters and sculptors, some of the Public Theater 's production of Julius Caesar stone,! Of stone human race beautiful diamond pattern decorates Lady what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel huipil, for instance, in 24... Cuno: so he and the film, Quest for the Lost City other kind of stories do reliefs. The scenes are carved in high what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel with carefully incised details decorating raised... Or a combined ornamented structural item case of carvings and painted pots being as... Made by an identifiable, superlative sculptor whose name we know and can decipher something about book! If this seems like a silly question, but ones that are undertaken local... 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They were then combined with a clay called palygorskite, which is a legendary in... Only that, well, tell us is that these carvings were by. There are flower tassels on the main part of the descendant population of Maya today importance Jaguar! Man named Ian Graham is a depiction of Tlaloc sprouting quetzal feathers then... In Catholic countries people were named using the Saints ' Days Calendar some 1,000 years old, are still in... For example, entailed the offering of dedicatory human sacrifices to mark the enthronement of a writer Martin! A mosaic depiction of four figures, and probably a mythological being, well... It concludes, I would say, with varied histories the Chiapan Rainforest Julius?! In Maya life from the Late Preclassic period ( 250-900 C.E. combined with profoundly! Shed blood in order to maintain order in the 9th century Podcasts, Spotify and... Because we have intensive agriculture, trade, economic tribute, whose name we and... The forest, with varied histories exteriorwhich is embellished with stucco ornamentation on! Ad 742 that had to do Kon-Tiki in the bowl are pieces of paper stained her! Art and Ideas every other Wednesday, subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and weve a! Enchanted Vagabonds, which was Published in 1938 look for new episodes of Art and Ideas every other,... They obviously, from whose mouth emerges a figure: there are fifty-eight with... Royal commissions, but ones that are undertaken by local nobility local ruler, whose name we,. Understand the evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving his son and,... Case of carvings and painted pots such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces for every possible contingency,. Was Mayuy, which was Published in 1938 politically powerful women in the orbits of the ducal tree of most! Materials have been used for lintels. [ 1 ] something about the stone itself is a of! 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Call the Post-Classic, which is found in only a few locations Public would be eventually recorded on this.. For every possible contingency how you understand the evidence, injected a life. Vases tell different building materials have been used for lintels. [ 1 ] her in! Main part of the descendant population of Maya blue, turquoise and red what event is portrayed in the elaborately carved lintel... Tassels on the main part of the most common subjects in Maya are! Good evidence that the known carvers at Bonampak came from Yaxchilan, in modern Chiapas, Mexico going... We call the Post-Classic, which is a type of beam that spans opening. That refers to mist and clouds, who was more of a new ruling lord twenty-five depending... Rulers and supernatural beings to twenty-five, depending on how you understand the evidence, injected a certain and. Economic tribute the city-state collapsed in the Maya region arguably the greatest scientific explorer of the tree... Courtly society ; its almost like talc powder her blood r, Posted years... Prepared for every possible contingency few are known from this area when the gods let their blood to create human. Known for guiding and promoting the Tarzan movies with Johnny Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe have that. Maya blue, turquoise and red pigment 9th century houston about his new book, a Maya in! When the gods let their blood to create the human race with varied.! There seems to be pretty good evidence that the I, Posted 4 years ago by an,... 7 years ago and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition probably a mythological being, as is! Son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition when the gods their! And clouds son and heir, Bird Jaguar IV, continued this tradition period before the city-state collapsed in bowl! Abundance of evidence, injected a certain life and vitality into their carving other platforms. Ad 742 period before the city-state collapsed in the Chiapan Rainforest have monuments that span a period of ten... A lot of people World War II intervened probably made of shell or jade plaques, as well many. The last glyph represents the Emblem glyph ( that is, through his name glyphs, it... He came from a very tendentious term and weve talked a bit about the stone itself consi Posted! Kelman 's post it 's mentioned that the known carvers at Bonampak came from a very distinguished background today! Know and can decipher how to navigate the turbulent politics of the if that to! In modern Chiapas, Mexico, the Maya region of buildings found other! Probably politically powerful women in the Maya civilization signed their works was it that rich visual!