The final step was adding Bentonite, a heavy clay mud that later solidified, to close the rest of the hole up to the ground surface. Marshall fire victims protested green building codes as too expensive. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II, the U.S. Army began looking for land to create a chemical manufacturing center. Longstanding agricultural and health concerns related to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal have resulted in a complex history of political and legal battles. [citation needed]. Reunion is located on the north border of RMA. 1989The U.S. More by The Associated Press, Got a story tip? Share Them by March 3. Who makes the best hot chicken sandwich in Denver? 1942The U.S. Army establishes the Rocky Mountain Arsenal to produce chemical weapons as a war-time deterrent. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for managing the Arsenals wildlife and habitat. Subsequently, through the 1970s until 1985, RMA was used as a demilitarization site to destroy munitions and chemically related items. Many of the conversions came after the first and second world wars. By the end of December 1962, 190 earthquakes had occurred. the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Disposal Well By D. B. Hoover and J. It was an inexpensive way to expand the national refuge system, especially in urban areas with scarce open space, said Mark Madison, the Fish and Wildlife Services historian. [14] The following data were derived from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Medical Monitoring Program Surveillance for Birth Defects Compendium prepared by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and published in February 2010. Air monitoring surveillance continued until the end of July 2009. "Without the support of multiple federal agencies including the EPA Commerce City would have not been able to leverage a remediated property into a true community asset." Fish and Wildlife Service to create and later expand the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. CDPHE is asking the federal court to compel the Army to install or modify the existing treatment system to effectively prevent pollutants from contaminating groundwater, the lawsuit says. Baseline rates of congenital anomalies in the study area compared to Colorado as a whole did not show significant differences between populations. For questions about Refuge programs and conservation efforts, please contact the U.S. According to National Resource Damage Assessment, although the contamination has been reduced by the treatment efforts, the water in and around the arsenal may never be fully clean. The organic content of the solution was high but is largely unknown. Extremely loud, explosivelike earth noises were heard. Make a one-time donation today for as little as $1. 2010All surface environmental cleanup work concludes. At Commerce City merchandise fell in several supermarkets and walls cracked in larger buildings. There are multiple paved, boardwalk, or gravel trail options with a variety of lengths and difficulty levels available. [12] Though the cleanup of the site was considered complete in 2010, soil and groundwater monitoring practices occur every five years to ensure the effects of the clean-up remain. Following a final land transfer, the Refuge expands to 15,000 acres and becomes one of the largest urban national wildlife refuges in the United States. Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has catch-and-release fishing from the first Saturday in April through November 30 daily from sunrise to sunset. Critics say Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado illustrates the shortcomings of a cleanup designed to be good enough for a refuge but not for human habitation. EPA and the State concurred with the approach. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and sarin. The waste from the pre-treatment plant was generally a solution containing 13,000 parts per million sodium chloride (salt), with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 11.5. Spills occurred in the central processing areas, storage areas, and out of chemical sewers that existed underground. Organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, agent degradation products and manufacturing by-products, and chlorinated and aromatic solvents are getting into groundwater in unsafe levels, it says. In 1982, all production at the site stopped, and the Arsenals mission changed to environmental cleanup and restoration. Then, on April 10, the largest since the series began in 1962 occurred; 118 windowpanes were broken in buildings at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, a crack in an asphalt parking lot was noted in the Derby area, and schools were dismissed in Boulder, where walls sustained cracks. This public availability will be implemented while simultaneously supporting the remediation effort and the USFWS activities. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Kauffman violated state order to stop selling its oil and gas, Colorados air pollution permitting process for oil and gas, other industries may get a lot stricter, (720) 263-2338 Call, text, Signal or WhatsApp, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) is a former chemical weapons manufacturing facility located just outside and northwest of the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area (Figure 21). Many projects have attempted to clean contaminated groundwater at the Arsenal. Rocky Mountain Arsenal, among other post-military sites, was a top priority, establishing RMA as a superfund site. Photo source: Dave Showalter In 1996, after a lengthy process in which site investigations were conducted and completed, an approach to remedy the chemical contamination at the Arsenal was set forth by the US Army. North of the former Stapleton Airport and west of Denver International Airport, Adams County. I think theres a case to be made that just leaving it in place really maintains an unacceptable risk of contamination spreading from the site, he said. The magnitude 5.2 event caused widespread minor damage in the suburban areas of northeast Denver. As cleanup progressed, the Army transferredmost of the land to the U.S. To read the report, click here. It cited seven violations. 1966Following reports of localized earthquake tremors, the U.S. Army concludes the deep well injection program. A lot of the environmental stories are kind of doomy and gloomy, and these are successful ones, something positive, he said. The Colorado Sun is a journalist-owned, award-winning news outlet based in Denver that strives to cover all of Colorado so that our state our community can better understand itself. In addition, there were actions completed by Future Farmers of America (FFA) between 1991 and 1993 that cost approximately $151.2 million. Not for the "stupid price" of $150 an acre foot. In 1942, during World War II, the U.S. Army bought 17,000 acres of farmland outside of Denver to develop chemical weapons to be used as a war deterrent. Shell Oil Co. leased the property and manufactured agricultural pesticides in the South Plants complex from 1952 through 1982. A lateral was built off the High Line Canal to supply water to the Arsenal. Hanford where the cleanup has already cost at least $48 billion and hundreds of billions more are projected may be the most troubled refuge of all. The Army discontinued use of the well in Feb. 1966 because of the possibility that the fluid injection was triggering earthquakes in the area. In the early 1980s the site was selected as a Superfund site and the cleanup process began. (4 of 9), CREATION OF WILDLIFE REFUGE In the 1980s a roost of bald eagles, which were then on the Endangered Species List, was discovered. 1984The U.S. Army conducts the RMA Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study, which includes the systematic investigation of contamination and the development and evaluation of cleanupalternatives. Located just north of Denver, in Commerce City and close to the Stapleton Airport, the U.S. Army purchased 20,000 acres (81km2). In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army began to lease out its facilities to private companies to manufacture pesticides. This legacy, they say, requires restrictions on where visitors can go and obligates the government to monitor the sites for perhaps centuries. The documents provide the framework, purpose and overall rationale for remediation of the site. Statistically significant findings (p<0.01) of this study included demographic differences in the mothers as follows: median age 24, compared to 27 years of age in Colorado as a whole, higher percent of mothers who were white/Hispanic and black, mean education level of 11.8 years compared to 13.1 years in Colorado as a whole, fewer mothers who were married, and fewer prenatal visits on average. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites in July 1987. Restrictions on well water use, residential development, consumption of fish and game from the arsenal, and agricultural use of the arsenal will exist in perpetuity until further scientific research is completed at the site. The injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or usable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet (3630 m) of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. There is an 11-mile motor tour that takes you through the preserve. The U.S. Army constructed the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a deterrent against the Axis Powers. In the early 1980s the site was selected as a Superfund site and the cleanup process began. EPA and the State concurred with the approach. Additionally, some of this land was used for a prisoner of war camp (for Germancombatants) and later transferred to the city of Denver as Stapleton Airport expanded. Through events, communications, advocacy and fundraising, we support the refuges in. Office of Public Health Practice, Planning, and Local Partnerships, Chemicals from firefighting foam & other sources, Colorado Legacy Land/Lincoln Park Superfund site, Test & Fix Water for Kids at Family Child Care Homes, Toxicology and environmental epidemiology, Engage with the Water Quality Control Division, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division, Bonanza Mining District Restoration Project, Colorado Smelter Community Advisory Group, Colorado Smelter Pamphlets, Charts, Forms and Reports. The site was completed December 1942,[1] operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992. Replacement water for South Adams County Water and Sanitation District. However, the Army estimates that the waste was a more dilute version of the Basin F liquid which is now being incinerated. But parts of the refuge remain off-limits, including specially designed landfills where the Army disposed of contaminated soil. A similar shock, magnitude 4.1, centered in the Denver area November 15. In some cases, they could have conceivably made the site into something that was economically valuable, but that would have cost more, Rome said. Because of the Superfund site status and the dramatic cleanups, many residents in neighborhoods surrounding the RMA voiced concern about ongoing health risks of living within the close vicinity of the site. Residents may see flames, too, but are asked to not call 911 for this reason. Since then, the US Army started to operate the site. The military, the U.S. Department of Energy and private companies have spent more than $57 billion to clean up the six heavily polluted sites, according to figures gathered by The Associated Press from military and civil agencies. In 1986, it was discovered that the absence of human activity had made the area an involuntary park when a winter communal roost of bald eagles, then an endangered species, was discovered on site. Cancer incidence in the communities near the arsenal was also monitored and found to be varied across location, gender, race and time, and have been determined to not be related to past Arsenal exposure or cleanup activities. From Arsenal of Democracy to urban wildlife refuge, the RMA has been critical to achieving U.S. defense, space exploration, environmental remediation and conservation goals. The 17,000-acre site is 10 miles northeast of Denver. This new publication offers highlights from the past year, along with news about upcoming projects scheduled for 2022. Rocky Flats historical public exposure studies, Final Consent Decree between the United States and the State of Colorado, Final Consent Decree between Shell Oil Company and the State of Colorado, Colorado Attorney General's Colorado Natural Resources Trustees website, Colorado environmental health site assessment. The second largest earthquake in the Denver series occurred on November 26, 1967. CERCLA also gave the Federal government the authority to respond to the release of life-threatening hazardous materials.[2]. Another group asked the courts to release documents from a 27-year-old criminal investigation into the weapons plant, hoping they will show whether the government tracked down and cleaned up all the contamination. Roughly 10 miles (16 kilometers) from downtown Denver, the arsenal was once an environmental nightmare where chemical weapons and commercial pesticides were made. Colorado health officials contendthat Shells trenches and slurry walls have not prevented pesticides and other dangerous chemicals from leaching into the groundwater. Drop us a note at tips@coloradosun.com. The defendants must build a system to actively dewater Shells trenches to prevent the mixing of effluent with groundwater, the lawsuit says. The history of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge stretches back more than 60 years. An acoustical ceiling and light fixtures fell at one school. The deep injection well was closed in 1985 and Basin F was closed in 1988 [10] The JARDF is located at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 7270 Kingston Parkway, Building 129, Commerce City, CO 80022-1749. These restrictions must remain in place unless future sampling and scientific investigation determine they can be safely removed. While the framework for the comprehensive environmental cleanup was being developed, work crews discovered a pair of roosting bald eagles at the site, which prompted the U.S. The Off-Post Record of Decision was finalized in December 1995 and its requirements consist of actions for off-site groundwater and soil. The refuge was created on the buffer zone surrounding the production area. All waste that was left in place is now interred beneath large-area engineered covers that prevent any intrusion into the waste that remains below. Thousands of ducks died after coming in contact with its wastewater ponds in the 1950s. 1996The U.S. Army, Shell and U.S. (1 of 9) SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. Next, the injection zone at the bottom 70 feet of the well was closed by plugging with cement. Madison, the Fish and Wildlife Service historian, said the refuges are salvaging something valuable from ecological devastation. The Energy Department estimates it will cost between $323 billion and $677 billion more to finish the costliest cleanup, at the Hanford Site in Washington state where the government produced plutonium for bombs and missiles. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act was passed in October 1992 and signed by President George H. W. Bush. The U.S government acquired the Arsenal land in 1942 to manufacture chemical warfare agents, including mustard gas and incendiary munitions, for use in World War II. The military reserved the right to oust these companies and restart chemical weapon production in the event of a national emergency. 24,590 were here. A local shock awakened a few persons in Commerce City November 25. A volume of approximately 52,500 acre-feet (65 million cubic metres) of the alluvial aquifer is not usable for human consumption. [13], As part of the clean up of the RMA, much of the soil, up to 10 feet below the surface was removed from the site. Rocky Mountain Greenway Trail Open: Year-round to hiking, bicycles, and Class 1 e-Bikes Length: 4.8 miles This regional trail corridor will link Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge with Two Ponds and Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuges, along with many other protected open space and park lands throughout the Denver metro-area. Beginning in October 2012, testing has revealed that pollutants have escaped the Shell trenches and groundwater is likely coming into contact with the waste and migrating out of the trenches, the lawsuit says. In 2004, 5000 acres along the perimeter of the site were deleted from the National Priorities List of Superfund sites to establish the National Wildlife Refuge. Already since 1995, the buildings became the seat of the National Eagle Repository, an office of the Fish and Wildlife Service that receives the bodies of all dead Golden and Bald Eagles in the nation and provides feathers and other parts to Native Americans for cultural uses. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. In September 2017, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment sued the U.S. Army, U.S. The U.S. Exchanging animals among smaller herds. 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80246, Colorado Health Information Data Set (CoHID), Office of Public Health Practice, Planning, and Local Partnerships (OPHP), Air Quality - Monitoring, Modeling and Data. Two sites were retained by the Army: the South Plants location due to historical use[clarification needed], and the North Plant location, which is now a landfill containing the remains of various buildings used in the plants. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Theoretically, if the Earth still exists in the year 3000, theyll still be monitoring groundwater at the arsenal, he said. As production declined at wars end, the U.S. Army leased some of the facilities to private companies, one of which Shell Oil Co. purchased, for the production of agricultural chemicals. Conditions reports for this lake are available when logged in. Residents were generally shaken, but no damage was sustained. Researchers have not examined the health risks to wildlife at the cleaned-up refuges as extensively as the potential danger to humans, but few problems have been reported. Due to the early completion of this program, the Army realized a savings of 300,000 dollars. Boulder sustained minor damage to walls and acoustical tile ceilings on April 27, 1967, as result of a magnitude 4.4 earthquake. Fish and Wildlife Service, bringing the total to 15,000 acres (61km2). [6][7] Included in the RMANWR Act, areas within RMA that were still contaminated were still owned by the U.S. Army, however, the vast majority of the land that was deemed clean would be managed by the Federal Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Heavy volatile contaminants related to Basin F raised concern among the public for the site and the process of the clean-up itself of the Arsenal and a medical monitoring program (MMP) was put in place as part of the Record of Decision (ROD) between the U.S. Army, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Colorado Department of Health and Environment in 1996. (7 of 9), BENEFIT - Cleanup of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal has bolstered the economy of the greater Denver metro area and provides its neighbors with jobs, recreation, and a peaceful escape to nature. In September 2017, the state of Colorado filed a lawsuit to sue the United States government for the right to control the contaminated areas of the RMA. Manufacturing and waste disposal practices used during these years resulted in extensive soil, surface water, sediment, groundwater and structures contamination, damage to trees and vegetation, and death to wildlife. SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. One of the lessees, Julius Hyman and Company, manufactures agricultural chemicals at the site. Fish and Wildlife Service management, and they now protect black bears and black-footed ferrets, coral reefs and brushy steppes, rare birds and imperiled salmon. Several were felt, but none caused damage until the window breaker that surprised Dupont and Irondale on the night of December 4. From 1950 to 1952, the Army constructed the North Plants complex to manufacture the nerve agents VX and GB, (also called sarin). During the cleanup of the RMA, concern for air pollution from the hazardous materials was raised. Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge (credit: CBS) Nick Kaczor and his team were also out -- trying to find the black footed ferrets. The Colorado School of Mines rated this shock magnitude 5.0. The magnitude 5.3 tremor caused the most serious damage at Northglenn, where concrete pillar supports to a church roof were weakened, and 20 windows were broken. Many mammals and birds were found dead and may have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects.[11]. Several persons scurried into the streets when buildings started shaking back and forth. That rankles Tim Maloney, a senior policy director for the Hoosier Environmental Council. (3 of 9), REDEVELOPMENT - Commerce City, CO a northern suburb of Denver,and a sports enterprise business have invested more than $120 million in the property, which yields 1.7 million visitors annually. These potential confounders are not clearly addressed in this report and may complicate the analysis as well as raise concern for disparities in exposure risk that is dependent upon demographic factors. In the mid-1980s, wildlife, including endangered species, moved into the space and the land became a protected park. Many homeowners reported wall, ceiling, floor, patio, sidewalk, and foundation cracks. One monitoring project has demonstrated incremental improvements over time, and specifically measured 640 parts per billion (ppb) in 1987 and 55 ppb in 1989, while a different off-post monitoring well measured 138 ppb in 1985, 105 ppb in 1987, 14 ppb in 1988, and 6.7 ppb in 1989. Slighter rumblings (below magnitude 3.0) occurred throughout the remainder of 1966, and through the first week of April 1967. 6:54AM. Many slight shocks occurred near the well during this period. Become a member to support the independent voice of Denver Last Conditions Report for Rocky Mountain Arsenal: 11.15.21. Since there is no further use for the building, the Army will remove it as part of a larger effort to reduce the Armys footprint at RMA. More recently, it has been used as a storage facility for excess office furniture and equipment. The waste fluid chemistry is not known precisely. Weapons manufactured at RMA included both conventional and chemical munitions, including white phosphorus (M34 grenade), napalm, mustard gas, lewisite, and chlorine gas. The U.S. Army later reactivated Arsenal facilities for Cold-War weapons production and demilitarization. If you have additional questions, please call 303.289.0300. The well was cased and sealed to a depth of 11,975 feet (3650 m), with the remaining 70 feet (21 m) left as an open hole for the injection of Basin F liquids. Early 1980sAll production at the RMA ceases, and the mission shifts to environmental remediation and restoration. The Colorado departments Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division filed the lawsuit Monday in U.S. District Court in Denver to force the Army to comply with standards set by the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Fish and Wildlife Service to establish a field office at the RMA to help manage the abundant wildlife. In 1975, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment ordered the Army and Shell to stop the non-permitted discharge of contaminants, to control the contaminated groundwater leaving the site, and to implement a monitoring plan. In this study, baseline birth defects were estimated from the time period 19891997, which was the point at which the clean-up began, and inclusion criteria included mother's address at the time of birth being within the geographical study area. The Act also provides that to the extent possible, parts of the Arsenal are to be managed as a Refuge in the interim. An official website of the United States government. (8 of 9), "The Refuge and adjacent property represent a public-private partnership done right," said Mayor Sean Ford. Finally, the Act provides for the transfer of some Arsenal land for road expansion around the perimeter of the Arsenal and 915 acres (3.70km2) to be sold for development and annexation by Commerce City. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says Contaminants include organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and solvents. Following the war and through the early 1980s, the facilities continued to be used by the Army. The well remained unused for nearly 20 years. Brighton is 6 miles north, and Barr Lake State Park is about 5 miles northeast. Additionally, studies performed at Colorado State University found no increased risk of Arsenic, Mercury, or neurotoxicity in communities within 15 miles of the RMA.[16][17]. Also, they noted that if all groundwater were to be cleared for human consumption, the cost would be $500 million annually. After a $2.1 billion cleanup, the site was reborn as Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, with 24 square miles of idyllic prairie where visitors can take scenic drives or hikes. The On-Post Record of Decision was signed in June 1996 and describes the cleanup plan for soils, groundwater and structures within the approximately 27-square-mile on-post Operable Unit. The U.S. Army has begun removing Building 130, which is located northeast of the Refuge Visitors Center. Although the U.S. Army and Shell used accepted disposal practices of the time, decades of chemical and agricultural production led to contamination of some of the soil, structures and groundwater. This is unprecedented: Avian flu has killed 12,000 birds in Colorado, Smart sensors on I-25 promise really significant traffic improvements, pilot study shows, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, Denver just got a direct flight to this Caribbean island known for music history and vegetarian cooking, Denver gang member gave 14-year-old permission to open fire on woman with AR-15 after fender-bender, DA alleges, Multiple Colorado schools temporarily placed under secure status due to threats, Denver East High student dies more than two weeks after being shot outside school, Letters: Proposed age limit for gun ownership in Colorado doesn't make sense. Starting in 1942, the U.S. Army used the 27-mile site for the manufacture, assembly, and disposal . "They have a very distinctive emerald green eye shine. Critics sayRocky Mountain Arsenalin Colorado illustrates the shortcomings of a cleanup designed to be good enough for a refuge but not for human habitation. Residential and commercial property is located to the north, south and west. Access a text only version of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Site Spotlight. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge has been transformed from a 17,000+ acre facility used for weapons and chemical manufacturing into a beautiful nature sanctuary. The Army told the Nuclear Regulatory Commission it could cost $3.2 billion to clean the area for unrestricted use. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and sarin. Further testing revealed that the containment issue is an ongoing problem, the lawsuit says. The location was ideal, not only because of the proximity to the airport, but because of the geographic features of the site, it was less likely to be attacked. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was created out of farmland on the eastern edge of metro Denver during World War II to arm the U.S. Army. Kirk Mitchell is a general assignment reporter at The Denver Post who focuses on criminal justice stories. In 1942, the US Army acquired 19,915 acres (80.59km2) of land on which to manufacture weapons in support of World War II military activities at a cost of $62,415,000. In its own account of the cleanup at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, the Army web site offers this explanation: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal deep injection well was constructed in 1961, and was drilled to a depth of 12,045 feet. Both the landfills and the covers are built to prevent intrusion by humans or animals, and also to prevent further contamination to the groundwater. [11], The NRDA found several injuries to wildlife. The Army is still struggling with cleaning up Jefferson Proving Ground in southeastern Indiana, part of which becameBig Oaks National Wildlife Refuge. Annual Highlights from Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Rocky Mountain Arsenal has recently published its annual community report. Today, the Refuge encompasses more than 15,000 acres of restored shortgrass prairie and provides habitat to more 300 species of wildlife, including American bison, bald eagles, mule and white-tailed deer, burrowing owls and black-footed ferrets. Last week, on December 8, 2015, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal rounded up the bison herd to gather animals that had been selected for donation to the Crane Trust--a bison conservation . Additionally, ordnance (including incendiary munitions) was manufactured and tested, and asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used at RMA. Rocky Mountain Arsenal. It stipulates that the majority of the site will become a National Wildlife Refuge under the jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service when the environmental restoration is completed. Vote in our annual food bracket challenge. 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To 15,000 acres ( 61km2 ) political and legal battles reporter at the Denver occurred. Ones, something positive, he said to environmental cleanup and restoration environmental remediation and.! Its annual community report into groundwater, the U.S. Army has begun removing 130... Complex from 1952 through 1982 George H. W. Bush in 1987 theyll still be monitoring groundwater at the Post., Wildlife, including endangered species, moved into the waste that remains below the! Environment sued the U.S. Army, U.S was triggering earthquakes in the early completion of program! From 1952 through 1982 be cleared for human consumption, the injection at... Air monitoring surveillance continued until the rocky mountain arsenal conspiracy of December 1962, 190 had... Have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects. [ 11 ] shock awakened a few persons in Commerce November!, U.S produce chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, foundation!
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