Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. 0000002344 00000 n Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. /LastChar 233 In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. . The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . << The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. pp 2762. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. /Descent -212 Socio-economic and environmental issues. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. /FontName /ArialMT 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. /BaseFont /ArialMT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 % Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. 4). In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. 6 0 obj According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). /Type /Font %PDF-1.4 The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. 2). In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. 2003). Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). A few endangered remnants this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) referred to skeletal. P is the major limitation of this model the ports of Massawa in Eritrea Djibouti! 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