But the proportion of tuskless elephants has increased in some populations. Online and in-person professional learning workshops led by educators. 2. Data Points are useful resources that use figures from the primary literature and guided sets of supporting questions. Most African elephants have tusks, but some never grow them especially in places that have a history of poaching, like Gorongosa National Park. Use evidence-based predictions to explain how a population changes over time due to human impacts. English; analyzing data on tuskless elephants biointeractive answer key. Natural Selection Published October 2018 www.BioInteractive.org Page 3 of 6 Activity Student Handout Video Activity 7. In this study, scientists used DNA profiling to determine where ivory seized from poachers had originated. Working in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, Dr. Joyce Poole and colleagues make a striking observation: many female elephants lack tusks. As poaching in Gorongosa has been stamped out through sustained conservation efforts, the number of baby elephants born tuskless has begun to decrease. In this article, professor Phil Gibson discusses how he uses modified version of our Data Point activities as simplified case studies. Explain how the selective pressures on a population may impact the frequencies of phenotypes. HS-LS4-2, HS-LS4-3, HS-LS4-4, HS-LS4-5; SEP1, SEP5, SEP6, EVO-1.E, EVO-1.G, SYI-2.B, SYI-3.D; SP3, SP4, SP5, SP6, Topic(s): 2.1, 2.6, 9.10 Describe how biological sex and gender differ from each other. Elephants with large tusks are targeted by poachers, who sell the tusks on the ivory market. a. This activity guides the analysis of a published scientific figure from a study that measured species population declines on a global scale. Developing an Explanation for Mouse Fur Color, A Genetic Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease, Vertebrate Declines and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Learning Scientific Language with a Graphic Organizer. Analyze quantitative data in order to make predictions based on evidence. endstream endobj 256 0 obj <. |U#62RF>^/,[4@[S5MT3M_q+; u* But he found himself sucked into the mystery of tuskless elephants when he watched a YouTube video about the phenomenon. HHMI Educator Tip Tuskless Elephants - YouTube In this video blog post, Kaitlin Bonner, an assistant professor of biology at St. John Fisher College in Rochester, NY, explains how she uses. Answers may vary. This video follows ecologist Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell, who is studying how elephants can communicate over long distances using low-frequency sounds that travel both in the air and through the ground. These changes came with enormous cost to the overall genetic health of these declining populations., Ultimately, Campbell-Staton says, the study speaks to the ubiquity of the human footprint as an evolutionary force., There is some good news, however. hb```lRB By watching segments of this video, students will follow the analyses and discoveries of Joyce Poole, a scientist who has studied elephants for many years. The Resource Google Folder link directs to a Google Drive folder of resource documents in the Google Docs format. Poole, who is a co-author on the new paper, combed through old natural history films and amateur videos to estimate the prevalence of tusklessness prior to the war. Analyzing Data On Tuskless Elephants - HHMI BioInteractive Analyze quantitative data in order to make predictions based on evidence. Hear how experienced science educators are using BioInteractive resources with their students. BioInteractive is offering free workshops for high school and undergraduate life and environmental science educators. No rights are granted to use HHMIs or BioInteractives names or logos independent from this Resource or in any derivative works. Elephants were not an obvious choice for Campbell-Staton, who has mostly focused on lizards until now. This tool can be used to add pause points, questions, and labels to any BioInteractive video. Suggest some ways to reduce the number of elephants that are illegally killed each year. Tuskless mothers, on the other hand, had about an equal proportion of daughters with or without tusks (or, in some cases, with a single tusk). More than 30 years later, she finally may have her answer. Students apply what they have learned to evaluate the results of different tests that have been used throughout sports history to qualify female athletes to compete. Not only do animals die due to poaching, but there is also additional decline because half of the male offspring from the surviving tuskless mothers do not survive., Good agrees that the findings are alarming. 255 0 obj <> endobj endstream endobj startxref It is important to track how many elephants are left and where they live to help protect them. Ordered sequences of BioInteractive resources for teaching a course, unit, or lesson. This activity explores images of a coral bleaching event, which serve as phenomena for learning about marine ecosystems, human impacts, and climate change. hb```lJB Hear how educators are using BioInteractive content in their teaching. Thanks for reading Scientific American. In this activity, students collect and analyze evidence for each of the major conditions for evolution by natural selection to develop an explanation for how populations change over time. This activity explores images of elephants with and without tusks, which serve as phenomena for learning about selection and human impacts on the frequency of traits within populations. To prevent his AP Environmental Science students from having "problem fatigue," Florida educator Scott Sowell focuses on how environmental solutions are developed, justified, implemented, and evaluated. Gorongosas elephant population declined by about 90 percent, from more than 2,500 individuals in 1972 to fewer than 250 in 2000. Explain how the selective pressures on a population may impact the frequencies of phenotypes. In females, mutations in a key gene on one of their X chromosomes seems to be responsible for tusklessness. Tusklessness, according to a new paper in Science, can be attributed in large part to a dominant mutation on the X chromosomea genetic change that also explains the sex skew Poole saw. Keep up with the latest from BioInteractive! In this article from professor Karen Avery, see how she uses this unassuming model organism to teach concepts in cellular biology and genetics. Instead of having sons and daughters at an equal proportion, tuskless mothers gave birth to daughters roughly two thirds of the time. Explain how characteristics associated with biological sex may affect athletic performance. Provide evidence-based reasoning that uses available data to support a scientific claim. Researchers created the model in Figure 1 using data from cell fractionation studies. Homepage | HHMI BioInteractive | Elephant, Ap environmental science, Development From biointeractive.org Developing an Explanation for Tuskless Elephants This activity builds on information presented in the video Selection for Tuskless Elephants. This is a beautiful study that is certain to become a textbook example of how intense human exploitation of wildlife can rapidly change the natural world, says Jeffrey Good, a mammalian evolutionary geneticist at the University of Montana, who was not involved in the research. The module also shows how mutations in genes that encode cell cycle regulators can lead to the development of cancer. 254 0 obj <> endobj Using those samples, they identified candidate regions in the genome that, when mutated, seemed to explain tusklessness and its apparent male lethality. This video follows the work of researchers conducting the first census. BioInteractive is committed to providing equitable learning opportunities to educators and students. Real science, real stories, and real data to engage students in exploring the living world. But in males with no other X chromosome to fall back on, that mutation appears to cause death in the womb. %%EOF video until time 1:46 and answer the following questions. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Statistical Data Explorer. (The first six weeks, as well as the culminating project . In population simulations, the researchers confirmed that it is extremely unlikely that tusklessness would have changed so drastically by chance alone. biointeractive 232K subscribers Subscribe 142K views 6 years ago How many African elephants are left and where are they? This interactive, modular lab explores the evolution of the anole lizards in the Caribbean through data collection and analysis. View Tusk-less_Elephant_data_analysis_(Sep_17_2020_at_556_PM).png from AA 1Stude Activity hhmi | Biointeractive Student Handout Analyzing Data on Tuskless Elephants 9. In this video, Poole explains a possible reason. Resume watching the video until Such a deep genetic understanding of complex evolutionary changes in large free-ranging animals would have been unobtainable just a few years ago.. The frequency of tusklessness, the team found, increased from about 18.5 percent before the war to 50.9 percent after. Their current rate of decline is 8% per year, primarily due to illegal killing called poaching. Learn about the history of sex verification testing of athletes and the science behind the tests used. In Gorongosa National Park, Poole found that among the older female elephants that survived a period of heavy poaching in the park, over 50% are tuskless. For context, this course consisted of a three-credit lecture and a one-credit lab. Poaching is artificially selecting for tuskless elephants who can better survive, mate, and pass on their genes to the next generation. adaptation, claim, evidence, frequency, phenotype, poaching, population, reasoning, selection, selective pressure, variation. endstream endobj 416 0 obj <. %PDF-1.6 % The same high-quality resources are now available with new features, including a logged-in experience. %%EOF Poaching brings evolutionary pressure for tusklessness. Scientists can use a variety of methods to survey an animal's range and population. Watch the . Among the younger females, who were born after this period of heavy poaching, 33% are tuskless. Using Data to Investigate Elephant Evolution, The Genetics of Tusklessness in Elephants, Developing an Explanation for Tuskless Elephants, Using Genetic Evidence to Identify Ivory Poaching Hotspots. Anatomy & Physiology Scientific Skills & Literacy Click & Learn High School General High School AP/IB College Selection for Tuskless Elephants Propose a claim supported by scientific evidence to answer a research question. 2. endstream endobj 255 0 obj <. We know we have a lot of work to do to address racial inequities in science teaching. Some prevent pathogens from entering the body, and some attack pathogens already inside the body. Watch the . Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. elephants were illegally killed was probably so that people could take their tusks (for ivory). Posted on 11/01/2021 by 11/01/2021 by If we keep the pressure off these elephants, the rate of tusklessness declines with each generation., Rachel Nuwer is a freelance science journalist and author who regularly contributes to Scientific American, the New York Times and National Geographic, among other publications. The immune system responds to pathogens in two main ways: innate and adaptive immune responses. AQ` n& Please see the Terms of Use for information on how this resource can be used. Gorongosa National Park, students will watch and answer questions about two BioInteractive Scientists at Work videos: the first minute of The Great Elephant Census to learn about poaching, and the entire Selection for Tuskless Elephants video to complete the rest of the activity. This video follows Joyce Poole and other scientists working in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, who made the observation that many female elephants lack tusks. This video follows Joyce Poole and other scientists working in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, who made the striking observation that many female elephants lack tusks. This activity guides the analysis of a published scientific figure from a study involving illegal elephant poaching. Teaching an Online Introductory Biology Lab Using Evolution and Ecology Resources, Why no tusks? Pooles observationswhich were used a few months later to support a ban on international ivory tradewere alarming, but they mostly made sense. %PDF-1.5 % This film explores four decades of research on the evolution of Galpagos finches, which has illuminated how species form and diversify. Most African elephants have tusks, but some about 2% to 6% of females and even fewer males never grow them. Poaching tips scales of elephant evolution, The Genetics of Tusklessness in Elephants, Using Genetic Evidence to Identify Ivory Poaching Hotspots, Using Data to Investigate Elephant Evolution, Developing an Explanation for Tuskless Elephants, Moth Mimicry: Using Ultrasound to Avoid Bats. It also includes a library of ready-to-use videos with embedded questions. Campbell-Staton and his co-first author, Brian Arnold of Princeton, were able to join forces with the other researchers to collect blood samples from 18 femalessome with tusks and some withoutthat would meet the genomic requirements for the project. In 1989, when elephant ethologist Joyce Poole began carrying out surveys of three East African elephant populations to understand the impact that heavy poaching was having on them, she quickly noted several stark trends. The Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation, The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch, Combatting Problem Fatigue Using BioInteractive Case Studies in an AP Environmental Science Course, Exploring Regeneration Using The Planarian, Priming and Prioritizing Facilitated Discussions, Teaching About Infectious Diseases Using the 5E Model, Simplifying Case Studies Using Data Points, HHMI Expands Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, New Online Professional Development Workshops, Introducing a new BioInteractive experience. In Gorongosa National Park, Poole found that among the older female elephants, who survived a period of heavy poaching in the park, over 50% are tuskless. This web tool provides a quick and easy way of visualizing and analyzing data without advanced technological requirements. This study is among the first to show that selective killing of large vertebrates can have a direct impact on evolutionary change, says Fanie Pelletier, an ecologist at the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec, who co-authored a perspective piece in Science about the research. hbbd```b``"wH&NQ fg`5jz XX$^feN3)R@1y"A9m v \`@=`6/Af Zl "30 0 r Students use scientific evidence and reasoning to construct an explanation of and develop an argument for tusklessness in elephant populations. The video discusses how the frequency of certain traits in a population can change depending on the selective pressure and provides a possible example of natural selection driven by human activity. This data-driven activity accompanies the video Selection for Tuskless Elephants. This interactive module explores the phases, checkpoints, and protein regulators of the cell cycle. Genetics Evolution Scientific Skills & Literacy Scientists at Work High School General High School AP/IB College Explore the methods scientists use to survey elephants. This video presents an intriguing phenomenon: two patients who carry the same genetic variation, which is known to cause sickle cell disease, have very different outcomes. endstream endobj startxref An audio descriptive version of the film is available via our media player. 482 0 obj <>stream 6. Look up the definition of the term poaching and summarize your understanding of what it means in the space below. a. Most African elephants have tusks, but someabout 2 to 6% of females and even fewer malesnever grow them. The human immune system is made up of many cells, organs, and tissues. 0 Scientists are trying to determine the genes involved in tusk development and how variations in these genes can lead to tusklessness. Scientific Explanation of Evolution by Natural Selection. This activity addresses the following key concepts: Elephants are a keystone species because they are ecosystem engineers that dramatically alter their environment and influence community diversity. PART 2: Video Activity . The Genetics of Tusklessness in Elephants | HHMI BioInteractive Video biointeractive 2 years ago The Day the Mesozoic Died: The Asteroid That Killed the Dinosaurs HHMI BioInteractive. keyboard_arrow_up Show footer Selection for Tuskless Elephants. The researchers first needed to determine whether it was actually the selection from poaching that led to a disproportionate number of tuskless individuals or if it was just some fluke of chance that emerged as the population crashed. Watch the Selection for Tuskless Elephants video until time 1:46 and answer the following questions. Its something I had puzzled over for so long, says Poole, co-founder and scientific director of ElephantVoices, a nonprofit science and conservation organization. Why Do Some People with the Sickle Cell Genotype Not Have Symptoms? Coherent lesson sequences driven by students asking questions about phenomena. %%EOF These declines may be a part of Earths next mass extinction. Answers Biointeractive Hhmi - Effebi.biella.it. This interactive module explores the diversity of viruses based on structure, genome type, host range, transmission mechanism, replication cycles, and vaccine availability. HHMI is investing in increasing racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in academic science to create environments in which everyone can thrive. 415 0 obj <> endobj Tuskless females, they found, had survived at a rate that was about five times higher than that of their tusked counterparts during the conflict. Scientists . Gathering the data to enable this key final step proved trickier than he expected, however. Elephants with large tusks are targeted by poachers who sell the tusks on the ivory market. endstream endobj startxref This interactive module explores examples of how changes in one species can affect species at other trophic levels and ultimately the entire ecosystem. Students will then analyze data to investigate the impact of human activity, namely poaching, on elephant populations. This interactive module explores the biology of sex determination and development in humans, set against the backdrop of the different sex testing policies implemented throughout sports history. But the proportion of tuskless elephants has increased in some populations. Elephant tusks are important for obtaining food and water, and essential to male elephants for competing for mates, so one might expect strong natural selection for having tusks. Additionally, disruptions to the same region of the X chromosome in humans is associated with a syndrome that usually causes male fetuses to abort in the second trimester. In this video, biologist Shane Campbell-Staton walks through the steps of collecting DNA samples from elephants in Gorongosa National Park and how he plans to analyze their DNA sequences.For more information and related materials, visit HHMI BioInteractive:https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/genetics-tusklessness-elephants Shane Campbell-Staton of Princeton University, co-lead author of the new paper, has spent his career studying the ways that humans force such evolutionary changes across the tree of life. One type of evidence they use is genetic data. Thanks for reading Scientific American. 292 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<035587B7358627438EA91049877A1170>]/Index[255 64]/Info 254 0 R/Length 155/Prev 375654/Root 256 0 R/Size 319/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 7. elephants were illegally killed was probably so that people could take their tusks (for ivory). This video follows scientists working in Gorongosa National Park as they try to determine the genes responsible for tusk development in elephants. 452 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<236583C912FAC64F88BAF3D554E36451>]/Index[415 68]/Info 414 0 R/Length 157/Prev 328511/Root 416 0 R/Size 483/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Campbell-Staton was just as perplexed by this as Poole had been, and he soon struck up a collaboration with her and other elephant ecologists. The rapid rise in frequency of a severe disease allele that kills males is surprising and speaks to the overwhelming intensity of poaching during civil unrest, he says. Knowledge awaits. As you watch the videos, complete the questions from the "Task 1" handout. Typically, though, such studies focus on small creatures that have large population sizes and fast generational turnovers because changes they undergo are easier to observe in real time. 316 0 obj <>stream hb```f``z' B@QKm>%QXP^miq4YtnT50WS'.*^916SqKi"%df%IE400(wt@*06sx9 g! Developing an Explanation for Tuskless Elephant www.BioInteractive.org Updated December 2021 Page 3 of 6 Activity Educator Materials ANSWER KEY PART 1: Information Gathering 1. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. Using Pooles database, they further confirmed that, with a single exception, female elephants with two tusks had never been observed to have a tuskless baby. The following statement reflects our current and specific actions. Researchers have pinpointed how years of civil war and poaching in Mozambique have led to more elephants that will never develop tusks. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Nature, in this case at least, seems to be correcting itself. One of the genes, AMELX, is known from decades of basic research in mice and humans to play a role in mammalian tooth development. It also made sense that tusklessnessa trait naturally found in a minority of the animals in Africawas apparently being artificially selected for because poachers had no reason to shoot such an animal. The story of African elephants is a powerful case study of how science can inform conservation. %PDF-1.6 % It engages students in analyzing data to make evidence-based claims about the occurrence of tusklessness in elephant populations. We were going to drive around at Gorongosa, spot an elephant, see if the elephant had tusks or not, wait for the elephant to poop and then collect its DNA, he says. Only Meat: 19/129 * (100%) = 14.73% b. It seemed simple enoughexcept we drove all day, every day for a week and didnt see a single elephant.. This has left a notable gap in the literature that the new paper helps to fill. 293 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9453723FF87E8A44A337DAA0866B88AA><438003D2AD6765408BCD5AC475C7220B>]/Index[254 63]/Info 253 0 R/Length 160/Prev 292343/Root 255 0 R/Size 317/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream pe*X|Xem&5*d X;d3^"kNIc rH+d ``s2AJn#*d9X;DAge`0?k G video until time 1:46 and answer the following questions. Tusklessness, according to a new paper in Science, can be attributed in large part to a dominant mutation on the X chromosome a genetic change that also explains the sex skew Poole saw. This interactive module explores how different animals elephants, birds, and bats have evolved distinct ways of using sound to communicate. hbbd```b``"WH&. lz`f1,f u d Vi 2D7e@l( XDrG;".|`10H-v9Pl=0 u Most African elephants have tusks, but some never grow them especially in places that have a history of poaching, like Gorongosa National Park. 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