>> r_ w=[,()l9"] JETfKIXpEq)h5-B(3+r;&uJ_=~_9=0 Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. 9 0 obj (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? R[? What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? /Type /Page What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? >> What are defined benefit retirement plans? Fix the home. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. Livingstone, K. (2008). >> Create new revenue streams. Eneanya, A. N. (2012). These activities, such as hospitality charges and taxes on plastic bottles and bags, carbon from vehicles, and vacant land, do not involve the delivery of services from the government. Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In our experience, governments that pursue a practical approach to revenue generation can capture up to 50 percent of incremental revenues. Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). 1 0 obj What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. <> Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. xo A>a#dkU(0 KJ@C2aOb4a&MoZ(K#YWa-SI{;E zubQ?$6 J&/oB50uvF>LO>Cw~N.1~,s%8#/A"akFu^6V07ST]hi/p4g8GtC? _X*O9H+CaB(ErQK]0K|d)F2t4a6ntHFcjdiD /F4 85 0 R Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. The authentic confucius: A life of thought and politics. State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. /Meta37 37 0 R How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? What is the Canadian experience with a VAT? What tax incentives exist for higher education? xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ Gordon, Tracy. It operates a federal system of government that is, . >> 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. % >> Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. /GS7 17 0 R >> How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? https://www.grin.com/document/293498. %PDF-1.5 <>stream What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. How would the tax system need to change with return-free filing? . What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation across all levels. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? How does the federal tax system affect low-income households? <]>> % /Resources << How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? endobj 1 0 obj /F7 42 0 R /Meta57 46 0 R >> What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? 2 0 obj Bundle charges. The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, /Length 5747 /Image8 18 0 R Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. Google Scholar. A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. /StructParents 8 Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). . Aravind Boddupalli and Kim Rueben (2021), Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012 To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. /Filter /FlateDecode Aransi, I. O. The challenge is identifying and prioritizing the opportunities that will have the greatest impact and are relatively feasible. As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. % /Font << Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 4 0 obj /Meta43 34 0 R Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? /Image97 76 0 R But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). /F5 40 0 R <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? /Meta53 50 0 R If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. /F5 40 0 R Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? >> 3.16.1 Introduction. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), pp. What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? << general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. /F7 26 0 R /F2 21 0 R /XObject << >> /Image8 18 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Group << >> Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. /StructParents 2 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk UN==dN#R. Maintaining public support is critical to the longer-term viability of such efforts, and cities must create an attractive business climate. Todaro, M. P. (2015). /F2 21 0 R What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? /Contents [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R] 0000002251 00000 n the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). /Type /Group /F1 20 0 R What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? /Image8 18 0 R 11 0 obj 6. /StructParents 3 3.5 Local government revenue sources by jurisdiction 7 3.6 Local government expenses by purpose 8 3.7 Taxation revenue share by sphere of government and source of revenue 8 3.8 Share of total taxation revenue by sphere of government over time 9 3.9 Vertical fiscal imbalance in Australia 10 4. << With initial adjustments for relevance and size of potential revenue impact, cities can select the most promising streams as revenue generators. /StructParents 0 /Meta56 45 0 R City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list, July 1, 2018, eng2.lacity.org. What are itemized deductions and who claims them? Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. Li'}4I>A7i3;g f>dm,orW6XCid&ntGMhJ^ur!y]j]V CWD.6Eh.\Z35 =+`=+Zj:8l?3ZbS8h._=mp,:bx+2r&^N J'%3U4oHnkb~u*k.[pg To serve as an intermediary between government at the center and local communities. /XObject << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Image8 18 0 R /F10 61 0 R /Meta62 60 0 R Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. /Tabs /S 3 0 obj >> >> /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] /Contents 70 0 R Babcock University Press. /Resources << Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. What other countries use return-free filing? You may be shifting priorities daily in order to address the effects of the crisis on your constituents. Despite the numerous options available to generate more funding for city operations, elected officials must proceed carefully. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. 12 0 obj Never miss an insight. /Type /Group 2 /Type /Page Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au. To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. /Font << These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Resources << /Meta99 77 0 R /Type /Group /Meta40 35 0 R Essentials of management. Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. University of Lagos Press. Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . /CS /DeviceRGB What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? /F3 22 0 R And what is feasible to achieve? !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A h%D|k[ 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3 Ik|9nV/G>6y5c?N%+ U/wT7|ZIa,G~-mrPwld?o *SQ{uT?XI2LhwtbM[Gp`K%g$WF^ iO_D&:P1-?F_7#)96b_:Gz@otQ]5$F}f0d;N How accurate are long-run budget projections? What are the sources of revenue for local governments? Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). Charges and taxes. /CS /DeviceRGB Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). How would various proposals affect incentives for charitable giving? endobj What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? This intervention includes expanding the sheer quantity of service offerings and assets, extending charges to a larger user base, or increasing the frequency of surveillance and inspection for selected fine sources to maximize detection of violations. >> In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. /Image89 71 0 R As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 2018. endstream The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . appropriate. /Font << Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. Government and to the State Governments. /GS31 30 0 R (2009). These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. /Meta52 49 0 R What is the schedule for the federal budget process? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] (&. /Type /Page Majority endobj Public administration: Theory, analysis and application. Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. startxref The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. 0000001743 00000 n endobj What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? 0000000016 00000 n >> xb```b``a`24(!" A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. 14 0 obj /Tabs /S %PDF-1.4 % /Tabs /S The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. 10 nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! /CS /DeviceRGB What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? 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