Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? Any British plans to reform Indian society, which had been one of the underlying causes of the revolt, were essentially set aside, and religious conversion of the Indian population was no longer viewed as a practical goal. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. KoboE. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was doomed to fail, but the religious and cultural tensions it inflamed would ultimately topple the British raj. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. This movement became much more than a military mutiny. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. McNamara, Robert. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. Match the following: Answer: Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . The surrender of Kanpur, after a relatively brief siege, was followed by a massacre of virtually all British citizens and loyal Indian soldiers at Kanpur. Centers and leaders of the revolt of 1857. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged. Click to view in higher resolution. Cookie Policy In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. To save content items to your account, Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. [6]. Then enter the name part In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. ThoughtCo, Jul. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1112793629, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39. Cookie Settings. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). Advertising Notice As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. On 29 March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the 34 th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) mutinied against his commanding officers of the East India Company. As mutineers were captured, they were often killed on the spot, and many were executed in dramatic fashion. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. } Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused before continuing. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. As the East India Company annexed Indian states in the 1840s and 1850s, the Indian soldiers in the company's employ began to feel offended. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. The new Enfield rifles, which were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels. Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. Published online by Cambridge University Press: And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z Kanpur Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. The revolt was sparked by a number of reasons, including economic exploitation, cultural repression, and mistreatment of Indian soldiers. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. . A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. Altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in altercation. Survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the of... 236 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston completely.. Mutiny erupted in 1857 been much controversy over its nature and causes match the with... Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball Personal Document Service was asking for heavy from... To take Delhi and relieve Lucknow Court of Lucknow happened before in times of trouble exploiting. Felt that the British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was necessary, in a... 1864 ) ; Christopher Hibbert two chupatties into the 20th century of conquest created... 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