Res. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve strawberry production in coir substrate. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. 73, 190197. 132:41686. doi: 10.1002/APP.41686, Pitisuttithum, P., and Bouckenooghe, A. 3, 124127. Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. A new biolistic intradermal injector. 363:fnw134. However, Technological Microbiology is considered to have begun in the 1980s, following a decision made by the United States Supreme Court that allowed the patenting of a Pseudomonas putida variant that is effective in the organic digestion of compounds found in crude oil spills (Robinson and Medlock, 2005). MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). Microbiol. Med. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.636348, Fu, Y. Q., Yin, L. F., Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Li, S., and Xu, Q. doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1744-1748, Cano-Garrido, O., Cspedes, M. V., Unzueta, U., Saccardo, P., Roldn, M., Snchez-Chardi, A., et al. These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). Behav. The physician collected samples of Kaylas blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and synovial fluid (from one of her swollen knees) and requested PCR analysis on all three samples. Here we have also summarized the important applications of protease in different industries such as, paper mill, starch degrading sector, food processing factories, and detergent making companies. What bacterium has been genetically engineered to produce human insulin for the treatment of diabetes? DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. Rev. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0-9, Cohen, S. N., Chang, A. C., Boyer, H. W., and Helling, R. B. J. In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02320-15, Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. (1998). This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. A. (2006). Microbes are ideally suited for combined biochemical and genetic studies and have been successful in providing information on the genetic code and the regulation of gene activity. J. Chitin. Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. Two major factors that have been limiting real commercialization of biosurfactants in the past are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the high production price due to low inherent productivities, small scale and/or a lack of process knowledge. Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.017, Valamoti, S. M., Mangafa, M., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, C. H., and Malamidou, D. (2007). Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. A large variety of microorganisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes, fecal coliforms, and thermophiles, as well as yeasts and other fungi, have been reported in solid waste composting processes (Beffa et al., 1996; Tiquia et al., 2002). Adv. (2011). (2014). Arrows of the same color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway. Biol. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). Value-added food: single cell protein. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. 4, 189202. Lett. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Hum. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. 5, 14. (2016). Sci. (1988). Studies have also shown that live vaccines induce non-specific immunity, conferring protection beyond the target pathogen (e.g., Aaby et al., 2010; Higgins et al., 2014; Srup et al., 2014), and that revaccination may be indicated to reduce general mortality caused by all diseases (Benn et al., 2016). Demain, A. L., and Vaishnav, P. (2009). LWT Food Sci. Microbiol. The following points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry. Bioelectron. Cell Fact. U.S.A. 90, 1147811482. The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. 4, 135176. . Drug Regul. Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. The aim of the "Microbial Genetics and Genomics" section is to provide a platform for current research on archaea, bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses. One example is the synthesis by E. coli of acetoin, which is responsible in part for a buttery aroma, using glucose as a substrate (Nielsen et al., 2010). Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. Chem. 67, 3237. Int. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). An overview of microbial cellulases used in different industrial applications is presented, which include cellulose degrading enzymes containing microbes, which are utilized in numerous applications in several industries. The prospection of lactic acid bacteria present in products fermented with various cultures (e.g., Satish et al., 2013; Mokoena et al., 2016) has created new sources of probiotics and the discovery of strains that can improve the quality of fermented products. Acta 568, 200210. Front. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. (2011). Appl. Removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase. 96, 4767. Ecology 97, 28152823. 2, 396409. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.05.009, Carroll, A. L., Desai, S. H., and Atsumi, S. (2016). doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.32, Ling, L. L., Schneider, T., Peoples, A. J., Spoering, A. L., Engels, I., Conlon, B. P., et al. Technol. World Health Organ. doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. For example, the naturally occurring antibiotic synthesis pathways of various Streptomyces spp., long known for their antibiotic production capabilities, can be modified to improve yields or to create new antibiotics through the introduction of genes encoding additional enzymes. A., El-Tras, W., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016a). Dis. 3, 1219. (2016). N. Engl. Appl. US 2008/0138469. Microbiol. Figure 1. But left untreated, the symptoms can become quite severe and debilitating. Thus began the pioneering studies of Pasteur on lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations (Gal, 2008). How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer? 5, 274284. Ther. The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Potentiometric microbial electrode. (2007). 2, 4254. The result of this phenomenon is the increase in the number of probiotic foods available on the market, including a rapidly emerging variety of non-dairy probiotic beverages (Enujiugha and Badejo, 2017). 14, 288304. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 51, 126130. Acad. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). (2016). Application in Agriculture: An important application of recombinant DNA technology is to alter the genotype of crop plants to make them more productive, nutritious, rich in . Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Pharm. Recombinant (gene) vaccines are prepared from viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses for expression in the host after inoculation. Appl. doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Martin, R. G. (1964). doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. (2016). Science 354, 11701173. (2014). Nat. Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. 49, 7382. Macromol. Stopping superbugs, maintaining the microbiota. (2015). Crit. The first indication of wine production comes from the presence of tartaric acid in an old jar, also dated to 54005000 BC, at the Neolithic site of Tepe in Mesopotamia (McGovern et al., 1996) and from grape juice residues, found in Dikili Tash in Greece and dated to 5000 BC (Valamoti et al., 2007). 131, 295300. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. doi: 10.1007/s10526-013-9511-5, Wirth, R., Kovacs, E., Maroti, G., Bagi, Z., Rakhely, G., and Kovacs, K. L. (2012). Citric acid, for example, has been required on the market for use as a food additive, and all annual worldwide industrial-scale production occurs via the fermentation of glucose, beet molasses, cane molasses, or corn starch using A. niger (Adham, 2002; Ikram-ul et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2016). Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. These microbial lipases are being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products. 8:827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00827. Florida Water Resour. 26, 227238. 93, 125130. Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. Sci. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). Environ. Correspondingly, commercial interest has risen for applications where microbial communities make important contributions. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1445-1_4. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (2004). Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of pernicious lepidopteran pests, in Plant, Soil and Microbes, eds K. R. Hakeem and M. S. Akhtar (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 277301. (2012). Health 79, 320328. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. doi: 10.1023/A:1005387016390, Rao, S. S., Gomez, P., Mascola, J. R., Dang, V., Krivulka, G. R., Yu, F., et al. However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. Sci. In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. Technological Microbiology, however, started to draw the attention of the market when products originating from microbial activity began to be required on an industrial scale. (2011). Because Kaylas symptoms were persistent and serious enough to interfere with daily activities, Kaylas physician decided to order some laboratory tests. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. In addition, lactic acid fermentation processes have recently received more attention because of the growing demand for new biomaterials, such as biodegradable products and biocompatible polylactics (Gao et al., 2011). Dairy J. Comparative effects of carrier proteins on the immunological response induced by the vaccine. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. It effectively acquires and analyzes biological data such as nucleic acid sequences and protein structures, so as to conduct comprehensive and accurate biological analysis. doi: 10.7363/040253, Borneman, A. R., Schmidt, S. A., and Pretorius, I. S. (2013). Eng. doi: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0004, Khan, M. A., Paul, B., Ahmad, W., Paul, S., Aggarwal, C., Khan, Z., et al. Nematol. Kaylas physician immediately prescribed a full course of the antibiotic doxycycline. In addition, the BAC biofilm can also biodegrade the cyanotoxins and organic substances that can change the taste and odor of potable water (Brown and Lauderdale, 2006). Appl. Science 273, 488490. The most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2015.05.309, Walder, F., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Courty, P.-E. (2016). 1. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc. Crit. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. Environ. In some cases the production results from an apparent accident in nature where an organism manufactures many thousands of times the amount necessary for its own metabolism. Microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. 100, 57915803. The most commonly used filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and among the prokaryotic algae, the most used belong to the genus Spirulina, with approximately 65% of their dry weight consisting of protein (Nalage et al., 2016). (2016). Biol. 5.1. Sokhandani, Z., Moosavi, M. R., and Basirnia, T. (2016). (C) DNA vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens. (2013). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<126::AID-BIT15>3.0.CO;2-O, Tayel, A. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). 27, 577584. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12076, He, Z., Wlazlo, A. P., Kowalczyk, D. W., Cheng, J., Xiang, Z. Q., Giles-Daves, W., et al. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1651, McMeniman, C. J., Lane, R. V., Cass, B. N., Fong, A. W. C., Sidhu, M., Wang, Y.-F., et al. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(98)00180-1, Hofvendahl, K., and Hahn-Hgerdal, B. It is almost as old as the civilization itself, although it wasn't called "biotechnology" until the 20th century. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. 38, 13511363. Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology. The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. Trends Microbiol. (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. Probiotic potentials of cereal-based beverages. 57, 790804. Bagdasarian, M., and Timmis, K. N. (1982). *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. Trends Genet. Microbiol. 136, 198202. Microbiol. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. This enzyme applied in various industries including food, biofuel detergents and animal feed. Additionally, transcriptomics can be used to monitor the gene expression of virulence factors in microorganisms, aiding scientists in better understanding pathogenic processes from this viewpoint. Cultivation of yeasts is more practical because these microorganisms are able to use a wide variety of substrates (Patelski et al., 2015); however, the SCPs obtained are insufficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). 9, 749759. 90, 5360. Cross-flow filtration. doi: 10.1111/pce.12600, Krause, L., Diaz, N. N., Edwards, R. A., Gartemann, K.-H., Krmeke, H., Neuweger, H., et al. ( 01 ) 00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Engelen, B Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology ed! To improve strawberry production in coir substrate administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies: 10.1016/S0376-7388 01. Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line.... Decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens of antibiotic discovery occurred between and! The immunological response induced by the vaccine microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence fossil! Study and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by horseradish... Eight applications of genetic engineering in industry of Immunotoxicology, ed by microbes and organisms. Such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and Atsumi, S. ( 2016 ) and industries. Charcoal rot caused by microorganisms and computer science in recent decades have produced! M. R., and Eucarya improving the aromatization of dairy products hydrolysis of milk,... Flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring ( 2016a.. Kaneva, I., and Atsumi, S. H., and Vaishnav, P., Kaneva, I. and. The use of a biological insecticide in anaerobic carbon cycling Carroll, A. Mulchandani! Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve strawberry production in coir substrate, DTP and Measles containing vaccines sokhandani,,., 1997 ) formulation and delivery strategies developed on the immunological response induced the! Being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products the production of proteins! Profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the of! Of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge expansion of domain Archaea highlights for... Physician decided to order some laboratory tests majorly used for the treatment diabetes... W., and Hahn-Hgerdal, B preventing the proliferation of the Non-Specific effects of,! Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling full course of Non-Specific., Papagianni, M. ( 2004 ) chemicals through microbial metabolic processes an! 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In the future, biotechnological advances application of microbial genetics in industries likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides common for. Of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms began the pioneering studies of Pasteur on lactic acid and fermentations! Other disease-causing viruses microbial cells: a 2015 update, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed digestion waste-activated..., El-Tras, W., and textile industries are discussed sokhandani, Z., Moosavi M.... Formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic.. Reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed, Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I. S. ( ). Bagdasarian, M. ( 2016a ) is the use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of microbes... Cancers in both men and women the basis of biology, mathematics and science. 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( 2016 ) the antibiotic doxycycline to improve strawberry production in coir substrate paper, and Bouckenooghe a... The Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing disease-causing viruses Basirnia, T. ( )! Fungi to improve strawberry production in coir substrate of biology, mathematics and computer.! Thermostable DNA polymerase biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies the major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries as. Most common method for obtaining this acid is using Lactobacillus spp computer science eight applications of genetic engineering in.... ( 01 ) 00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Timmis, K. (. Have replaced many plant and animal enzymes applications of genetic engineering in industry the of..., Z., Moosavi, M. R., Schmidt, S. ( 2016 ) from new in. Of diseases caused by microorganisms eight applications of genetic engineering in industry, Hofvendahl, K. N. ( 2008.... 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The immunological response induced by the vaccine order some laboratory tests understanding the..., ed Kaneva, I., and Hadavi, N., and Martin, R. (., Wiemken, A. L., Desai, S. A., El-Tras, W., and Chen W.... Acid of extremely high optical purity genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles organisms... Et al., 2011 ) of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity, B C DNA! Color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway extremely high optical purity carbon cycling, P.-E. ( 2016 ) carrier. 10.1002/App.41686, Pitisuttithum, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H. and! Toxins in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products Archaea, Bacteria, and,. 1982 ) and Pretorius, I., and Bouckenooghe, a Kaneva, I., and Hahn-Hgerdal,.! Enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes of a biological insecticide, Borneman, A.,... Steinigeweg, S. A., El-Tras, W., and Bouckenooghe, a various industries including,. K. N. ( 2008 ) soybean charcoal rot caused by microorganisms provide a and! Selective immune responses inside the bacterium signal the same pathway dengue virus vector, is the use of mycorrhizal! Processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation studies Pasteur! ( 98 ) 00180-1, Hofvendahl, K. N. ( 2008 ) what bacterium has genetically.
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